Mini Case Luxury Wars Essay

Hermes decided to list 25% of Hermes SA on the French stock market in 1993. This was done to provide family members with a means to value their stake in the company as well as partially cash-out if they felt their family dividends were not enough. 2.LVMH was able to attain such a large ownership position without the knowledge of Hermes family and management through equity swaps. Equity swaps are derivative contracts whereby two parties enter into a contract to swap future cash flows at a preset date. The cash flows are referred to as â€Å"legs† of the swap. In most equity swaps, one leg is tied to a floating rate like LIBOR (the floating leg), and the other leg is tied to the performance of a stock or stock index (the equity leg). It is also possible for an equity swap to have two equity legs. LVMH was able to avoid French regulations requiring disclosure of this type of position through tying only their value to the equity instrument and at maturity, the contract would be settled in cash and not shares. The contract is worded so that LFMH would have the â€Å"option† to take the shares as opposed to the contract requiring share settlement, which in the case of the latter, under French law, LVMH would have had to make a public disclosure. 3.In December 2010, the Hermes family decided to confirm its long-term unity by creating a family holding company separate from Emile Hermes SARL, which will hold the shares transferred by family members representing over 50% of Hermes International’s share capital. The family’s commitment to create this majority holding company is irrevocable. The new family-owned company will benefit from preferential rights to shares still directly owned by the family. This would ensure that their 73% ownership stake would always vote as one voice and ultimately secure the family’s continued control of the company. This holdings structure will last indefinitely as this majority holding will not allow outsiders to take over through equity swaps.

Energy Conservation in Transport

1.3 Transportation system Transportation is another sector that has increased its comparative portion of primary energy. This sector has serious concerns as it is a important beginning of CO2 emanations and other airborne pollutants, and it is about wholly based on oil as its energy beginning ( Figure 1.5 ; Kreith, West, and Isler 2002 ) . In 2002, the transit sector accounted for 21 % of all CO2 emanations worldwide. An of import facet of future alterations in transit depends on what happens to the available oil resources, production and monetary values. At present, 95 % of all energy for transit comes from oil. As explained subsequently in this chapter, irrespective of the existent sum of oil staying in the land, oil production will top out shortly. Therefore, the demand for careful planning for an orderly passage off from oil as the primary transit fuel is pressing. An obvious replacing for oil would be biofuels such as ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, biodiesel, and biogases. Some believe that H is another option, because if it could be produced economically from RE beginnings or atomic energy, it could supply a clean transit option for the hereafter. Some have claimed H to be a â€Å"wonder fuel† and hold proposed a â€Å"hydrogen-based economy† to replace the present carbon-based economic system ( Veziroglu and Barbir 1992 ) . However, others ( Shinnar 2003 ; Kreith and West 2004 ; Mazza and Hammerschlag 2005 ) difference this claim based on the deficiency of substructure, jobs with storage and safety, and the lower efficiency of H vehicles as compared to plug-in intercrossed or to the full electric vehicles ( West and Kreith 2006 ) . Already hybrid-electric cars are going popular around the universe as crude oil becomes more expensive. The environmental benefits of renewable biofuels could be increased by utilizing plug-in intercrossed electric vehicles ( PHEVs ) . These autos and trucks combine internal burning engines with electric motors to 0 20 40 60 80 100 1971 1980 1990 2002 Percentage Share of conveyance in planetary oil demand Share of oil in conveyance energy demand FIGURE 1.5 Share of conveyance in planetary oil demand and portion of oil in conveyance energy demand. ( Data and prognosis from IEA, World Energy Outlook, IEA, Paris, 2004. With permission. ) Global Energy System 1-5 maximise fuel efficiency. PHEVs have more battery capacity that can be recharged by stop uping it into a regular electric mercantile establishment. Then these vehicles can run on electricity entirely for comparatively short trips. The electric-only trip length is denoted by a figure, for example, PHEV 20 can run on battery charge for 20 stat mis. When the battery charge is used up, the engine begins to power the vehicle. The intercrossed combination reduces gasolene ingestion appreciably. Whereas the conventional vehicle fleet has a fuel economic system of about 22 mpg, loanblends such as the Toyota Prius can achieve about 50 mpg. PHEV 20s have been shown to attain every bit much as 100 mpg. Gasoline usage can be decreased even further if the burning engine runs on biofuel blends, such as E85, a mixture of 15 % gasolene and 85 % ethyl alcohol ( Kreith 2006 ; West and Kreith 2006 ) . Plug-in intercrossed electric engineering is already available and could be realized instantly without farther R & A ; D. Furthermore, a big part of the electric coevals substructure, peculiarly in developed states, is needed merely at the clip of peak demand ( 60 % in the United States ) , and the remainder is available at other times. Hence, if batteries of PHEVs were charged during off-peak hours, no new coevals capacity would be required. Furthermore, this attack would levelize the electric burden and cut down the mean cost of electricity, harmonizing to a survey by the Electric Power Research Institute ( EPRI ) ( Sanna 2005 ) . Given the potency of PHEVs, EPRI ( EPRI 2004 ) conducted a large-scale analysis of the cost, battery demands, economic fight of plug-in vehicles today and in the hereafter. As shown by West and Kreith, the net present value of lifecycle costs over 10 old ages for PHEVs with a 20-mile electric-only scope ( PHEV20 ) is less than that of a similar conventional vehicle ( West and Kreith 2006 ) . Furthermore, presently available Ni metal hydride ( NiMH ) batteries are already able to run into needed cost and public presentation specifications. More advanced batteries, such as lithium-ion ( Li-ion ) batteries, may better the economic sciences of PHEVs even further in the hereafter. 7.5.4 Transportation Energy Consumption Energy ingestion in the transit sector is projected to turn at an mean one-year rate of 1.7 % between 2003 and 2025 in the projection, making 39.4 quadrillion Btu in 2025. The growing in transit energy demand is mostly driven by the increasing personal disposable income, projected to turn yearly at approximately 3 % , consumer penchants for driving larger autos with more HP, and an addition in the portion of visible radiation trucks and athleticss public-service corporation vehicles that make up lightduty vehicles. Entire vehicle stat mis traveled by light-duty vehicles is projected to increase at an one-year rate of 2 % between 2003 and 2025 because of the addition in personal disposable income and other demographic factors. 8.1 Introduction This chapter presents tendencies in land usage, cargo, ground-transportation manners for people and cargo, transit fuel supply, and the chances for preservation that exist within each country. The chapter starts with a treatment of the transportation–land usage relationship for a better apprehension of the model within which the transit system maps and the design theories that purpose to influence manner pick and trip coevals. Next is a description of mass theodolite, with peculiar accent on how its energy usage compares to the energy usage of the car. The motion of cargo, its manners, and energy ingestion relation to the remainder of the transit system follows. Then, emerging hereafter engineerings are described ; the focal point of this subdivision is on vehicle efficiencies to conserve energy resources. Finally, the well-to-wheel energy analysis uniting fuel production and vehicle public presentation is presented, concentrating on what feedstocks are available and how they can be refined expeditiously into a fuel. 8.2 Land Use 8.2.1 Land Use and Its Relationship to Transportation There is a cardinal relationship between transit and land usage, because the distance between one’s beginning and finish will find the feasibleness, path, manner, cost, and clip necessary to go from one topographic point to another. Likewise, transit influences land usage as it impacts people’s determinations approximately where to populate and work, sing factors such as commute clip and cost, the distance to a quality school for a family’s kids, the safety and convenience of the paths to school, work, activities, and entree to goods and services. The best chance for preservation in transit Begins with the transportation–land usage relationship. An energy-efficient transit system feats and integrates all manners instead than merely the main road. However, current land usage ordinances, codifications, and development tendencies are designed entirely for the single-occupant vehicle ( SOV ) and do non expeditiously back up other travel options. A more balanced system that incorporates mass theodolite, walking, bicycling, and other options would be more energy-efficient. These manners are less energy intensive and would cut down traffic congestion, vehicle idleness, and inefficient stop-and-go traffic. However, land usage must be designed for multimodal motion for such a balanced system to be realized. Land usage and the population in the U.S. have become more decentralised over clip ( see Figure 8.1 ) . The distribution of land utilizations into residential, commercial, and concern countries increases the distances between the many day-to-day necessities of life so that walking and bicycling are either impracticable or insecure ; it besides makes mass theodolite inefficient because Michigans would be required to function each individual’s needs. Therefore, personal vehicles are the most convenient and most widely chosen manner of transit for day-to-day travel demands given the type of development most normally used in the U.S. A more systemsoriented attack, incorporating prosaic, bike, car, and mass-transit webs within a higher-density developmental construction would be more energy-efficient, but this state of affairs is non the norm in the U.S. today. 8.3 Alternate Transportation system: Mass Transit The efficiency of mass-transit service typically decreases with the denseness of land utilizations. However, denseness is non the individual factor finding the success or failure of a theodolite system. Vuchic ( 1999 ) notes the success of the theodolite webs in fanned countries of San Francisco, Washington, Montreal, Calgary, and peculiarly the suburbs of Philadelphia ( with a lower population denseness than that of Los Angeles: 3500 people per square stat mi ) . Many contrivers and designers suggest a â€Å"hierarchy† of manners instead than the individual manner system that dominates most countries: at the base is a web of bicycle- and pedestrianfriendly streets that support the local coach system, which in bend feeds a regional theodolite web. As each constituent relies on the others, their integrating is indispensable for transit’s success ( Calthorpe and Fulton 2001 ) . Furthermore, â€Å"the balance between auto and theodolite usage in cardinal metropoliss is strongly influenced by the character of the country ( its physical design, organisation of infinite, and types of development ) and by the comparative convenience and attraction of the two systems† ( Vuchic 1999 ) . 10. Narrow streets 9. Traffic volumes 8. Sidewalks 7. Street trees 6. Interconnected streets 5. On-street parking 4. Lower traffic velocities 3. Mixed land usage 2. Buildings looking the street 1. Small block size FIGURE 8.3 Top 10 walkability factors. ( From Hall, R. , Walkable thoroughfares through balanced design. Presentation at The Nuts & A ; Bolts of Traditional Neighborhood Development Conference, Richmond, VA, 2005. ) Several different types of theodolite exist to function the demands of the populace. â€Å"Demand response† describes the paratransit manner, by which a rider calls a starter who sends the theodolite vehicle ( a bird coach or cab ) to the passenger’s door and delivers her to her finish. Commuter rail denotes regional rail operating between a metropolis and its suburban countries ; light rail implies one or two autos utilizing overhead electricity as a power beginning and operating within a metropolis, frequently sharing the streets with cars ; heavy rail operates at high velocities within a separate right-of-way. Bus rapid theodolite ( BRT ) is deriving popularity as a system that grants buses their ain right-of-way so that they do non acquire caught in traffic congestion. BRT operates parallel to the street, such as in the median between travel lanes or in an sole bus-only lane ( see Figure 8.4 ) , and depending on the system, may besides acquire prioritization at traffic signals so that upon attack, the light bends green and the coach will non hold to wait at a ruddy visible radiation. Table 8.3 summarizes the features of each manner. Table 8.4 illustrates what percentages of the theodolite fleets use alternate fuels ( i.e. , fuels other than the conventionally used gasolene ) . The factors that determine what manner and what engineering are best for a given theodolite system include: †  The handiness of a separate right-of-way †  The distance between/frequency of Michigans ( i.e. , will it be regional, express or local service? ) †  The denseness of the environing country ( to find at what speeds the vehicle can safely go ) †  Expected rider volumes †  Size of the metropolis being served A separate right-of-way is non dependent on the bing conditions of the street web and provides great dependability ( since there are no traffice congestion holds ) , high velocity, short trip times, and overall convenience for riders. The potency of mass theodolite to conserve energy is a big, untapped resource. Table 8.5 illustrates how much fuel could be saved by one individual exchanging to mass theodolite for their day-to-day commute to work. The ground for mass transit’s high efficiency is its energy strength, which is a consequence of the burden factor of each vehicle. Table 8.6 provides passenger travel and energy usage informations for 2002, while Figure 8.5 provides the theodolite manner split on a passenger-mile footing ( i.e. , the distribution of travel on each manner per rider per stat mi ) . Mass transit’s efficiency could surely be much higher compared to cars if more riders used it and increased its burden factor ( Greene and Schafer 2003 ) . FIGURE 8.4 BRT exposure. ( From U.S. General Accounting Office ( GAO ) , Mass Transit: Bus Rapid Transit Shows Promise, GAO-01-984, Washington, DC, 2001. )

Education in India

Education in India has a history stretching back to the ancient urban centres of learning at Taxila and Nalanda. Western education became ingrained into Indian society with the establishment of the British Raj. Education in India falls under the control of both the Union Government and the states, with some responsibilities lying with the Union and the states having autonomy for others. The various articles of the Indian Constitution provide for education as a fundamental right. Most universities in India are Union or State Government controlled. India has made a huge progress in terms of increasing primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately two thirds of the population. [2] India's improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to the economic rise of India. [3] Much of the progress in education has been credited to various private institutions. [4] The private education market in India is estimated to be worth $40 billion in 2008 and will increase to $68 billion by 2012. [4] However, India continues to face challenges. Despite growing investment in education, 35% of the population is illiterate and only 15% of the students reach high school. [5] As of 2008, India's post-secondary high schools offer only enough seats for 7% of India's college-age population, 25% of teaching positions nationwide are vacant, and 57% of college professors lack either a master's or PhD degree. [6] As of 2007, there are 1522 degree-granting engineering colleges in India with an annual student intake of 582,000,[7] plus 1,244 polytechnics with an annual intake of 265,000. However, these institutions face shortage of faculty and concerns have been raised over the quality of education. [8] Three Indian universities were listed in the Times Higher Education list of the world’s top 200 universities — Indian Institutes of Technology, Indian Institutes of Management, and Jawaharlal Nehru University in 2005 and 2006. [9] Six Indian Institutes of Technology and the Birla Institute of Technology and Science – Pilani were listed among the top 20 science and technology schools in Asia by Asiaweek. 10] The Indian School of Business situated in Hyderabad was ranked number 12 in global MBA rankings by the Financial Times of London in 2010[11] while the All India Institute of Medical Sciences has been recognized as a global leader in medical research and treatment. [12]Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Overview 2. 1 Primary education 2. 2 Secondary education 2. 3 Tertiary education 2. 4 Technical education 3 Literacy 4 Attainment 5 Private education 6 Women's Education 7 Rural education 8 Issues 9 Initiatives 10 Central government involvement 10. 1 Budget 10. Public Expenditure on Education in India 10. 3 Legislative framework 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links [edit] History Monastic orders of education under the supervision of a guru was a favored form of education for the nobility in ancient India. [13] The knowledge in these orders was often related to the tasks a section of the society had to perform. [14] The priest class, the Brahmins, were imparted knowledge of religion, philosophy, and other ancillary branches while the warrior class, the Kshatriya, were trained in the various aspects of warfare. 14] The business class, the Vaishya, were taught their trade and the lowest class of the Shudras was generally deprived of educational advantages. [14] The book of laws, the Manusmriti, and the treatise on statecraft the Arthashastra were among the influential works of this era which reflect the outlook and understanding of the world at the time. [14] Apart from the monastic orders, institutions of higher learning and universities flourished in India well before the common era, and continued to deliver education into the common era. 15] Secular Buddhist institutions cropped up along with monasteries. [14] These institutions imparted practical education, e. g. medicine. [14] A number of urban learning centres became increasingly visible from the period between 200 BCE to 400 CE. [16] The important urban centres of learning were Taxila and Nalanda, among others. [16] These institutions systematically imparted knowledge and attracted a number of foreign students to study topics such as logic, grammar, medicine, metaphysics, arts and crafts. [16] By the time of the visit of the Islamic scholar Alberuni (973-1048 CE), India already had a sophisticated system of mathematics and science in place, and had made a number of inventions and discoveries. [17] With the arrival of the British Raj in India a class of Westernized elite was versed in the Western system of education which the British had introduced. [18] This system soon became solidified in India as a number of primary, secondary, and tertiary centres for education cropped up during the colonial era. 18] Between 1867 and 1941 the British increased the percentage of the population in Primary and Secondary Education from around 0. 6% of the population in 1867 to over 3. 5% of the population in 1941. However this was much lower than the equivalent figures for Europe where in 1911 between 8 and 18% of the population were in Primary and Secondary education. [19] Additionally literacy was also improved. In 1901 the literacy rate in India was only about 5% though by Independence it was nearly 20%. [20] Following independence in 1947, Maulana Azad, India's first education minister envisaged strong central government control over education throughout the country, with a uniform educational system. [21] However, given the cultural and linguistic diversity of India, it was only the higher education dealing with science and technology that came under the jurisdiction of the central government. [21] The government also held powers to make national policies for educational development and could regulate selected aspects of education throughout India. 22] The central government of India formulated the National Policy on Education (NPE) in 1986 and also reinforced the Programme of Action (POA) in 1986. [23] The government initiated several measures the launching of DPEP (District Primary Education Programme) and SSA (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan,[24] India's initiative for Education for All) and setting up of Navodaya Vidyalaya and other selective schools in every district, advances in female educ ation, inter-disciplinary research and establishment of open universities. India's NPE also contains the National System of Education, which ensures some uniformity while taking into account regional education needs. The NPE also stresses on higher spending on education, envisaging a budget of more than 6% of the Gross Domestic Product. [23] While the need for wider reform in the primary and secondary sectors is recognized as an issue, the emphasis is also on the development of science and technology education infrastructure. [edit] Overview The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) is the apex body for curriculum related matters for school education in India. 25] The NCERT provides support and technical assistance to a number of schools in India and oversees many aspects of enforcement of education policies. [26] In India, the various curriculum bodies governing school education system are: The state government boards, in which the majority of Indian children are enrolled. The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) board. The C ouncil for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) board. The National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) board. International schools affiliated to the International Baccalaureate Programme and/or the Cambridge International Examinations. Islamic Madrasah schools, whose boards are controlled by local state governments, or autonomous, or affiliated with Darul Uloom Deoband. Autonomous schools like Woodstock School, Auroville, Patha Bhavan and Ananda Marga Gurukula. In addition, NUEPA (National University of Educational Planning and Administration)[27] and NCTE (National Council for Teacher Education) are responsible for the management of the education system and teacher accreditation. 28] [edit] Primary education The Indian government lays emphasis to primary education up to the age of fourteen years (referred to as Elementary Education in India. [29]) The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not enter unsafe working conditions. [29] However, both free education and the ban on child labor are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity and so cial conditions. [29] 80% of all recognized schools at the Elementary Stage are government run or supported, making it the largest provider of education in the Country. 30] However, due to shortage of resources and lack of political will, this system suffers from massive gaps including high pupil teacher ratios, shortage of infrastructure and poor level of teacher training. Education has also been made free[29] for children for six to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009. [31] There have been several efforts to enhance quality made by the government. The District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universalize primary education in India by reforming and vitalizing the existing primary education system. 32] 85% of the DPEP was funded by the central government and the remaining 15 percent was funded by the states. [32] The DPEP, which had opened 160000 new schools including 84000 a lternative education schools delivering alternative education to approximately 3. 5 million children, was also supported by UNICEF and other international programmes. [32] This primary education scheme has also shown a high Gross Enrollment Ratio of 93–95% for the last three years in some states. [32] Significant improvement in staffing and enrollment of girls has also been made as a part of this scheme. 32] The current scheme for universalization of Education for All is the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan which is one of the largest education initiatives in the world. Enrollment has been enhanced, but the levels of quality remain low. [edit] Secondary education The National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986, has provided for environment awareness, science and technology education, and introduction of traditional elements such as Yoga into the Indian secondary school system. [33] Secondary education covers children 14-18 which covers 88. 5 million children according to the Census, 2001. However, enrolment figures show that only 31 million of these children were attending schools in 2001-02, which means that two-third of the population remained out of school. [34] A significant feature of India's secondary school system is the emphasis on inclusion of the disadvantaged sections of the society. Professionals from established institutes are often called to support in vocational training. Another feature of India's secondary school system is its emphasis on profession based vocational training to help students attain skills for finding a vocation of his/her choosing. 35] A significant new feature has been the extension of SSA to secondary education in the form of the Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan[36] A special Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC) programme was started in 1974 with a focus on primary education. [25] but which was converted into Inclusive Education at Secondary Stage[37] Another notable special programme, the Kendriya Vidyalaya project, was start ed for the employees of the central government of India, who are distributed throughout the country. The government started the Kendriya Vidyalaya project in 1965 to provide uniform education in institutions following the same syllabus at the same pace regardless of the location to which the employee's family has been transferred. [25] [edit] Tertiary education Our university system is, in many parts, in a state of disrepair†¦ In almost half the districts in the country, higher education enrollments are abysmally low, almost two-third of our universities and 90 per cent of our colleges are rated as below average on quality parameters†¦ I am concerned that in many states university appointments, including that of vice-chancellors, have been politicised and have become subject to caste and communal considerations, there are complaints of favouritism and corruption. – Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2007[38] Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. India's higher education system is the third largest in the world, after China and the United States. [39] The main governing body at the tertiary level is the University Grants Commission (India), which enforces its standards, advises the government, and helps coordinate between the centre and the state. 40] Accreditation for higher learning is overseen by 12 autonomous institutions established by the University Grants Commission. [41] As of 2009, India has 20 central universities, 215 state universities, 100 deemed universities, 5 institutions established and functioning under the State Act, and 13 institutes which are of national importance. [40] Other institut ions include 16000 colleges, including 1800 exclusive women's colleges, functioning under these universities and institutions. 40] The emphasis in the tertiary level of education lies on science and technology. [42] Indian educational institutions by 2004 consisted of a large number of technology institutes. [43] Distance learning is also a feature of the Indian higher education system. [43] Some institutions of India, such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), have been globally acclaimed for their standard of education. [43] The IITs enroll about 8000 students annually and the alumni have contributed to both the growth of the private sector and the public sectors of India. 44] Besides top rated universities which provide highly competitive world class education to their pupil, India is also home to many universities which have been founded with the sole objective of making easy money. Regulatory authorities like UGC and AICTE have been trying very hard to extirpate the me nace of private universities which are running courses without any affiliation or recognition. Students from rural and semi urban background often fall prey to these institutes and colleges. [45][dead link] [edit] Technical education From the first Five Year Plan onwards India's emphasis was to develop a pool of scientifically inclined manpower. [46] India's National Policy on Education (NPE) provisioned for an apex body for regulation and development of higher technical education, which came into being as the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) in 1987 through an act of the Indian parliament. [47] At the level of the centre the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Information Technology are deemed of national importance. 47] The Indian Institutes of Management are also among the nation's premier education facilities. [47] Several Regional Engineering Colleges (REC) have been converted into National Institutes of Technology. [47] The UGC has inter-university centres at a number of locations throughout India to promote common research, e. g. the Nuclear Science Centre at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. [48] [edit] Literacy Main article: Literacy in India According to the Census of 2001, â€Å"every person above the age of 7 years who can read and write in any language is said to be literate†. According to this criterion, the 2001 survey holds the National Literacy Rate to be around 64. 84%. [49] Government statistics of 2001 also hold that the rate of increase in literacy is more in rural areas than in urban areas. [49] Female literacy was at a national average of 53. 63% whereas the male literacy was 75. 26%. [49] Within the Indian states, Kerala has shown the highest literacy rates of 90. 02% whereas Bihar averaged lower than 50% literacy, the lowest in India. [49] The 2001 statistics also indicated that the total number of ‘absolute non-literates' in the country was 304 million. 49] [edit] Attainment World Bank statistics found that fewer than 40 percent of adolescents in India attend secondary schools. [2] The Economist reports that half of 10-year-old rural children could not read at a basic level, over 60% were unable to do division, and half dropped out by the age 14. [50] Only one in ten young people have access to tertiary education. [2] Out of those who re ceive higher education, Mercer Consulting estimates that only a quarter of graduates are â€Å"employable†. [51] An optimistic estimate is that only one in five job-seekers in India has ever had any sort of vocational training. [52] [edit] Private education According to current estimates, 80% of all schools are government schools[30] making the government the major provider of education. However, because of poor quality of public education, 27% of Indian children are privately educated. [53] According to some research, private schools often provide superior results at a fraction of the unit cost of government schools. 50][54][55] However, others have suggested that private schools fail to provide education to the poorest families, a selective being only a fifth of the schools and have in the past ignored Court orders for their regulation[56] In their favour, it has been pointed out that private schools cover the entire curriculum and offer extra-curricular activities such as science fairs, general knowledge, sports, music and drama. [53] The pupil teacher ratios are much better in private schoo ls (1:31 to 1:37 for government schools and more teachers in private schools are female. 57] There is some disgreement over which system has better educated teachers. According to the latest DISE survey, the percentage of untrained teachers (paratechers) is 54. 91% in private, compared to 44. 88% in government schools and only 2. 32% teachers in unaided schools receive inservice training compared to 43. 44% for government schools. The competition in the school market is intense, yet most schools make profit. [53] Even the poorest often go to private schools despite the fact that government schools are free. A study found that 65% of schoolchildren in Hyderabad's slums attend private schools. 55] Private schools are often operating illegally. A 2001 study found that it takes 14 different licenses from four different authorities to open a private school in New Delhi and could take years if done legally. [55] However, operation of unrecognized schools has been made illegal under the Ri ght to Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act[31] which has also significantly simplified the process of obtaining recognition. [edit] Women's Education Girls in school near Baroda, Gujarat. See also: Women in India Women have much lower literacy rate than men. Far fewer girls are enrolled in the schools, and many of them drop out. [58] According to a 1998 report by U. S. Department of Commerce, the chief barrier to female education in India are inadequate school facilities (such as sanitary facilities), shortage of female teachers and gender bias in curriculum (majority of the female characters being depicted as weak and helpless)[59] The number of literate women among the female population of India was between 2-6% from the British Raj onwards to the formation of the Republic of India in 1947. [60] Concerted efforts led to improvement from 15. 3% in 1961 to 28. % in 1981. [60] By 2001 literacy for women had exceeded 50% of the overall female population, though these statistics were still very low compared to world standards and even male literacy within India. [61] Recently the Indian government has launched Saakshar Bharat Mission for Female Literacy. This mission aims to bring down female illiteracy by half of its present level. Sita An antha Raman outlines the progress of women's education in India:Since 1947 the Indian government has tried to provide incentives for girls’ school attendance through programs for midday meals, free books, and uniforms. This welfare thrust raised primary enrollment between 1951 and 1981. In 1986 the National Policy on Education decided to restructure education in tune with the social framework of each state, and with larger national goals. It emphasized that education was necessary for democracy, and central to the improvement of women’s condition. The new policy aimed at social change through revised texts, curricula, increased funding for schools, expansion in the numbers of schools, and policy improvements. Emphasis was placed on expanding girls’ occupational centers and primary education; secondary and higher education; and rural and urban institutions. The report tried to connect problems like low school attendance with poverty, and the dependence on girls for housework and sibling day care. The National Literacy Mission also worked through female tutors in villages. Although the minimum marriage age is now eighteen for girls, many continue to be married much earlier. Therefore, at the secondary level, female dropout rates are high. [62] Sita Anantha Raman also maintains that while the educated Indian women workforce maintains professionalism, the men outnumber them in most fields and, in some cases, receive higher income for the same positions. 62] [edit] Rural education A primary school in a village in Madhya Pradesh. Following independence, India viewed education as an effective tool for bringing social change through community development. [63] The administrative control was effectively initiated in the 1950s, when, in 1952, the government grouped villages under a Community Development Block—an authority under national p rogramme which could control education in up to 100 villages. [63] A Block Development Officer oversaw a geographical area of 150 square miles which could contain a population of as many as 70000 people. [63] Setty and Ross elaborate on the role of such programmes, themselves divided further into individual-based, community based, or the Individual-cum-community-based, in which microscopic levels of development are overseen at village level by an appointed worker:The community development programmes comprise agriculture, animal husbandry, cooperation, rural industries, rural engineering (consisting of minor irrigation, roads, buildings), health and sanitation including family welfare, family planning, women welfare, child care and nutrition, education including adult education, social education and literacy, youth welfare and community organisation. In each of these areas of development there are several programmes, schemes and activities which are additive, expanding and tapering off covering the total community, some segments, or specific target populations such as small and marginal farmers, artisans, women and in general people below the poverty line. [63] Despite some setbacks the rural education programmes continued throughout the 1950s, with support from private institutions. [64] A sizable network of rural education had been established by the time the Gandhigram Rural Institute was established and 5, 200 Community Development Blocks were established in India. [65] Nursery schools, elementary schools, secondary school, and schools for adult education for women were set up. [65] The government continued to view rural education as an agenda that could be relatively free from bureaucratic backlog and general stagnation. 65] However, in some cases lack of financing balanced the gains made by rural education institutes of Ind ia. [66] Some ideas failed to find acceptability among India's poor and investments made by the government sometimes yielded little results. [66] Today, government rural schools remain poorly funded and understaffed. Several foundations, such as the Rural Development Foundation (Hyderabad), actively build high-quality rural schools, but the number of students served is small. [edit] Issues One study found out that 25% of public sector teachers and 40% of public sector medical workers were absent during the survey. Among teachers who were paid to teach, absence rates ranged from 15% in Maharashtra to 71% in Bihar. Only 1 in nearly 3000 public school head teachers had ever dismissed a teacher for repeated absence. [67] A study on teachers by Kremer etc. found that ‘only about half were teaching, during unannounced visits to a nationally representative sample of government primary schools in India. ‘. [67] Modern education in India is often criticized for being based on rote learning rather than problem solving. BusinessWeek denigrates the Indian curriculum saying it revolves around rote learning. [68] and ExpressIndia suggests that students are focused on cramming. [69] A study of 188 government-run primary schools found that 59% of the schools had no drinking water and 89% had no toilets. 70] 2003-04 data by National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration revealed that only 3. 5% of primary schools in Bihar and Chhattisgarh had toilets for girls. In Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh, rates were 12-16%. [71] Fake degre es are a problem. One raid in Bihar found 0. 1 million fake certificates. [72] In February 2009, the University Grant Commission found 19 fake institutions operating in India. [73] Only 16% of manufacturers in India offer in-service training to their employees, compared with over 90% in China. [74] [edit] Initiatives Boys seated in school near Baroda, Gujarat. The madrasah of Jamia Masjid mosque in Srirangapatna. Following India's independence a number of rules were formulated for the backward Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes of India, and in 1960 a list identifying 405 Scheduled Castes and 225 Scheduled Tribes was published by the central government. [75] An amendment was made to the list in 1975, which identified 841 Scheduled Castes and 510 Scheduled Tribes. [75] The total percentage of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes combined was found to be 22. 5 percent with the Scheduled Castes accounting for 17 percent and the Scheduled Tribes accounting for the remaining 7. 5 percent. [75] Following the report many Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes increasingly referred to themselves as Dalit, a Marathi language terminology used by B. R. Ambedkar which literally means â€Å"oppressed†. [75] The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are provided for in many of India's educational programmes. [76] Special reservations are also provided for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India, e. g. a reservation of 15% in Kendriya Vidyalaya for Scheduled Castes and another reservation of 7. 5% in Kendriya Vidyalaya for Scheduled Tribes. [76] Similar reservations are held by the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in many schemes and educational facilities in India. [76] The remote and far-flung regions of North East India are provided for under the Non Lapsible Central pool of Resources (NLCPR) since 1998-1999. [77] The NLCPR aims to provide funds for infrastructure development in these remote areas. [77] The government objective for the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), started in 2001, is to provide education to children between 6–14 years by 2010. [78] The programme focuses specially on girls and children with challenged social or financial backgrounds. [78] The SSA also aims to provide practical infrastructure and relevant source material in form of free textbooks to children in remote areas. [78] The SSA also aims at widening computer education in rural areas. [78] SSA is currently working with Agastya International Foundation – an educational NGO – to augment its efforts in making science curriculum current and exciting. However, some objectives of the SSA, e. g. enrollment of all children under the scheme in schools by 2005 remain unfulfilled. 78] Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative and Innovative Education are components of the SSA. [78] Women from remote, underdeveloped areas or from weaker social groups in Andra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Karnat aka, Kerala, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, fall under the Mahila Samakhya Scheme, initiated in 1989. [79] Apart from provisions for education this programme also aims to raise awareness by holding meetings and seminars at rural levels. [79] The government allowed 340 million rupees during 2007–08 to carry out this scheme over 83 districts including more than 21, 000 villages. [79] Currently there are 68 Bal Bhavans and 10 Bal Kendra affiliated to the National Bal Bhavan. 80] The scheme involves educational and social activities and recognising children with a marked talent for a particular educational stream. [80] A number of programmes and activities are held under this scheme, which also involves cultural exchanges and participation in several international forums. [80] India's minorities, especially the ones considered ‘educationally backward' by the government, are provided for in the 1992 amendment of the Indian National Policy on Education (NPE). [81] T he government initiated the Scheme of Area Intensive Programme for Educationally Backward Minorities and Scheme of Financial Assistance or Modernisation of Madarsa Education as part of its revised Programme of Action (1992). 81] Both these schemes were started nationwide by 1994. [81] In 2004 the Indian parliament allowed an act which enabled minority education establishments to seek university affiliations if they passed the required norms. [81] [edit] Central government involvement [edit] Budget As a part of the tenth Five year Plan (2002–2007), the central government of India outlined an expenditure of 65. 6% of its total education budget of Rs. 438250 million, or (Rs. 287500 million) on elementary education; 9. 9% (Rs. 43250 million) on secondary education; 2. 9% (Rs. 12500 million) on adult education; 9. 5% (Rs. 41765 million) on higher education; 10. 7% (Rs. 7000 million) on technical education; and the remaining 1. 4% (Rs. 6235 million) on miscellaneous education schem es. [82] According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), India has the lowest public expenditure on higher education per student in the world. [83] See also: Education in India Five Year Plan Expenditure [edit] Public Expenditure on Education in India In recent times, several major announcements were made for developing the poor state of affairs in education sector in India, the most notable ones being the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP) of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. The announcements are; (a) To progressively increase expenditure on education to around 6 percent of GDP. (b) To support this increase in expenditure on education, and to increase the quality of education, there would be an imposition of an education cess over all central government taxes. (c) To ensure that no one is denied of education due to economic backwardness and poverty. (d) To make right to education a fundamental right for all children in the age group 6–14 years. (e) To universalize education through its flagship programmes such as Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and Mid Day Meal. However, even after five years of implementation of NCMP, not much progress has been done on these promises or announcements. The public expenditure on education has actually declined from around 3. 23 percent of GDP in 2000-2001 to 2. 88 percent in the recent times. As a proportion of total government expenditure, it has declined from around 11. 1 percent in 2000-2001 to around 9. 98 percent during UPA rule. A policy brief issued by [Network for Social Accountability (NSA)][84] titled â€Å"[NSA Response to Education Sector Interventions in Union Budget: UPA Rule and the Education Sector][85]† provides significant revelation to this fact. Due to a declining priority of education in the public policy paradigm in India, there has been an exponential growth in the private expenditure on education also. As per the available information, the private out of pocket expenditure by the working class population for the education of their children in India has increased by around 1150 percent or around 12. 5 times over the last decade]. [86] [edit] Legislative framework Article 45, of the Constitution of India originally stated:â€Å"The State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years. [21]† This article was a directive principle of state policy within India, effectively meaning that it was within a set of rules that were meant to be followed in spirit and the government could not be held to court if the actual letter was not followed. 87] However, the enforcement of this directive principle became a matter of debate since this principle held obvious emotive and practical value, and was legally the only directive principle within the Indian constitution to have a time limit. [87] Following initiatives by the Supreme Court of India during the 1990s the Ninety-third amendment bill suggested three separate amendments to the Indian constitution:[88] The constitution of India was amended to include a new article, 21A, which read:â⠂¬Å"The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in a such manner as the State may, by law, determine. [89]† Article 45 was proposed to be substituted by the article which read:â€Å"Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years: The State shall endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of sixteen years. [89]† Another article, 51A, was to additionally have the clause:â€Å"†¦ a parent or guardian [shall] provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, [a] ward between the age of six to fourteen years. [89]† The bill was passed unanimously in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian parliament, on November 28, 2001. [90] It was later passed by the upper house—the Rajya Sabha—on May 14, 2002. [90] After being signed by the President of India the Indian constitution was amended formally for the eighty sixth time and the bill came into effect. 90] Since then those between the age of 6–14 have a fundamental right to education. [ 91] Article 46 of the Constitution of India holds that:â€Å"The State shall promote, with special care, the education and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and in particular of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of social exploitation'. [49]† Other provisions for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes can be found in Articles 330, 332, 335, 338–342. [49] Both the 5th and the 6th Schedules of the Constitution also make special provisions for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. [49

Of Mice And Men by John SteinbeckYou will need to develop an Research Paper

Of Mice And Men by John SteinbeckYou will need to develop an argumentative thesis statement based on the idea of The American - Research Paper Example Crooks, also desiring not to be left alone on the ranch, wants to join their dream of independence. Curly’s wife, before she dies, confesses her dream to be a movie star. In fact, the only characters that do not admit to such a dream are those who stand atop the social and economic hierarchy. Curly, for instance, enjoys his place of power and represents a repressive force in the story insofar as he suppresses and controls the dreams of others. These are dreams of independence that reflect the concept of the American dream generally; however, at least from Of Mice and Men, the reader comes to realize that such dreams are economic, and spiritual, impossibilities. The impossibility of the stereotypical American dream is only strengthened by the overarching economic climate in which the men live. As Crooks tells George, â€Å"Nobody never gets to heaven, and nobody gets no land† (Steinbeck 74). What Crooks says here is particular interesting because it indicates that men ar e both economically and spiritually deprived of what they truly need. While George and Lennie are seeking the seemingly simple goal of acquiring their own land and independence, Crooks’ observation is that such land would provide more than substance and bodily satisfaction.

Research essay Competing Value Framework Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Essay Competing Value Framework - Research Paper Example It also helps in improvement of the profit margin and revenue of the organization as compared to other rivals in the market. Other than this, the framework of CVF is also often thought to be as a leadership tool utilized to improve the sales and revenue of the organization. Moreover the CVF might also be used for varied aspects and levels in organizations for their betterment and improvement. Apart from this, the CVF also serves as a map, an organizing mechanism, a sense-making device, a source of new ideas and a learning system to make the organization more and more effective in long run. This research paper mainly describes the meaning and developments of competing value framework (CVF) and the organizational focus with the help of two axis’s long with its benefits for the organization Definition of competing value framework Competing Values is all about accepting and analyzing the ways to appreciate the conflicting values in order to integrate them successfully for the bett erment of the organization. This might help the organization to improve its total sale as well as brand image in the market among others in the market. Along with this, it might also help an organization to analyze the strength and weakness so as to make use of it for its improvement and reduce its discrepancies. The Competing Values Framework (CVF) was developed for the benefit of the organization by analyzing the organizational culture, organizational effectiveness, organizational design, information processing, organizational quality, leadership competencies, stages of life cycle development, leadership roles, financial strategy and brain functioning. Therefore after examining all these above mentioned factors, the effectives of the organization may be improved as compared to others (Smart & Hamm, 1993). Other than this, if the organizational profit margin is increased then the level of reliability and trust of the customers over the brand might also increase resulting in amplifi cation of its total customers range. Due to all these advantages, it is considered to be one of the best models to improve the organizational portfolio in the market among others. Consequently it also helps to identify the set of guidelines that might facilitate the managers or leaders to diagnose, congruencies, manage the interrelationships and contradictions among the different aspects of associations to improve the organizations’ performance and market value in the market. So, it is highly appreciated (Quinn & Cameron, 1999). Development of competing value framework The Competing Values Framework came into existence from a series of theoretical framework and empirical studies and research conducted on the idea of organizational efficiency (Quinn & Rohrbaugh, 1983). All these efforts are performed with an attempt to improve the essence of organizational effectiveness in the market (Quinn and Rohrbaugh, 1983). Apart from this, the faculties of University of Michigan also und ertook varied types of organizational aspects into consideration so as to improve the fame in the market among other rivals. It consists of two dimensions among which the first one is related to organizational focus on the internal emphasis of the employees of the organization along with the external factors as well. The second dimension represents the contrast

Culture geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture geography - Essay Example The initial symptoms of the disease included a high fever, accompanied by running noise and conjunctivitis(CDC). After some time, the person can develop rashes on the face that can spread to the back and trunk. In some cases, it can also present as pneumonia, meningitis, hepatitis, febrile convulsions, diarrhea, laryngitis, otitis media, bronchitis, and croup. Once a diagnosis of measles is made, treatment has always to be provided. Such medications are provided to prevent worsening symptoms or suspected complications. Commonly prescribed drugs are antipyretics, antibiotics, rehydration agents and cough syrups(CDC). For primary prevention of the disease, immunization is often used for any children under the age of 5 years. Measles can have a usual occurrence and an unusual occurrence. That implies that the symptoms of measles can vary from person to person. In some people, measles can present as a rash, conjunctivitis and running nose together with fever, and take a period of more than a week for it to heal. In other people, the disease can progress to a worse states resulting to various complications(CDC). Currently, due to the lack of treatment of measles once one gets it, as it is entirely dependent on one’s immune system, quite a number of complications can result from it.When one has measles, one loses a lot of fluids through running noise, through high fevers, through diarrhea, hence resulting to an electrolyte imbalance shift together with dehydration. Dehydration can have several complications if not corrected in advance(CDC). Patients can suffer from complications of electrolyte depletion like hypokalemia, hypernatremia, hypocalcemia, hypomagesia, and loss of other elements. Measles in Iceland is believed to have come from North of the country and infected the town of Reykjavic first. It later spread to three towns on the oopposite side of the country and thereafter to the densely-populated southwest. Finally there was a breakout of

Ethnic Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Ethnic Studies - Essay Example The film presents a compelling love story about a couple from different races. Jihah is in pursuit of the American dream and delineate s himself from the Korean culture. He makes Sophie happy by giving her a child, which is her lifelong dream. The film is not about who Sophie ends up with, but rather if she becomes happy. She gains her self-fulfillment through the relationship with Jihah, who she contracts to make her pregnant and save her marriage. Even so, they are both strangers who have sex, but desperately try to avoid intimacy. In their loveless encounters, the two visibly seem to fight the need to bond. Eventually and inevitably, they find themselves in a relationship despite the commercial nature of their relationship. Although Sophie is a well-to-do woman, her infertile husband, who is also Korean, puts her in an awkward position in which she cannot be a mother. The fact that she hires someone to inseminate her makes it lean towards a cross-class relationship, but the later romantic relationship means that it is an interracial relationship. In addition, Sophie dates a wealthy Korean man and this signifies their interracial relationship. Although there is the exchange of money, a late-blooming passion alters the happy conclusion of the film. None of them bargained for the emotions that accompany their interracial

Topic Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Topic Critique - Essay Example t "to the extent that an individual can learn to perform some mental skills without conscious attention, the conscious part of the brain is freed to attend to other mental activities, thus enlarging its cognitive scope (Dickinson). For example, a person who is interested in music will learn the lyrics and tunes of a song easily without giving much conscious attention to learn it. On the other hand, same person may struggle to learn mathematics in the absence of interest, even if he performs some conscious efforts. From the above examples it is clear that certain brain activities are controlling the learning capabilities of a person unknowingly. Herman Epstein suggested that periods of rapid brain growth are the times for intellectually challenging curriculum, and that plateau periods, such as in adolescence, are the times for more concrete, experiential learning rather than pushing students too soon into abstract thinking (Dickinson) The analysing powers of a person varies differently during his life span. Alcohol or drug usages may not be considered as a sin by some youths. But the same youths may regret for their activities after ten or fifteen years. In other words, same thing may be perceived differently by the same person during different stages of his life because of differences in brain activities at different periods. Music is an entity which can control and comfort the brain activities. Even distressed persons will get a soothing effect when they hear music. A calm and peaceful mind is essential for proper learning. A learner’s mind will always be under tension because of some external parameters which may have nothing to do with learning. Music can eliminate all such negative parameters of learning and can keep the learner’s mind fully focussed on the learning activity alone. All the people hate noise, but most of them like music because of its smooth rhythm and feeling it create. â€Å"The intentional use of music in the classroom will set the scene

Analysis of Small Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Analysis of Small Business - Assignment Example a) Indirect competitor: 17 b) Future competitor: 18 Recommendations 19 i. Systematisation: 20 ii. Web presence: 20 iii. Customers: 20 iv. Plan: 21 Conclusion 21 Reference 23 Bibliography 27 Introduction Small business enterprises play an important part in the economy if a country. Small businesses constitute the maximum business establishments in any country where the number of employees is less than 500. In developed countries the major portion of the business is occupied by the small business entities, whereas in developing economies it is seen as an opportunity to eliminate unemployment and poverty (Unido, 2004, p. 17). A small business enterprise is defined as an independent business entity. The small business entity is found not to be dominating the operations in its own field. A small business is different from the large business in context to its functionality and way of approaching the business market. The main objective of this research is to provide an insight about the small business. An analysis based on the strength and weakness of the small business enterprise will be part of the research. Moreover, the contribution and affect of the small business enterprises to the economy of a country will be analysed. Literature review Literature review plays an important part in any research based on a particular topic. The main focus of this research is to analyse the small business enterprises and their role in shaping the economy of a country.... The study on small businesses reveals that the owners of such enterprises do not prefer innovation or change in their functioning of business. Most of the small businesses are founded based on the established business models and practices (Stokes & Wilson, 2010, p. 34-35). Small firms are believed to have added large share of employment to a country’s economy. Most of the new jobs are added in services such as leisure and hospitality. In the study of small businesses it has been noted that most of the large enterprises faces stiff competition from the smaller firms. Though the competitions will not be matched in every aspect, still competition helps the small business firms to enhance their efficiency in terms of productivity (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor, 2011, p. 143-144). The small business enterprise is found to have certain important features which make it a different entity. The characteristics can be discussed below: Small businesses are managed in a personalised manner by th e owner of the business entity. The market share for such enterprises is small in comparison to the large business enterprises (Needham & Dransfield, 1994, p. 135). The owner holds all the power for making decision and implementing the same. The small business enterprises do not have any specific shape and size as they range from a coffee bar to a retail outlet. The large enterprise has no control over such enterprises which makes them independent in their operations. It has been noted that the number of employees in small business enterprises are significantly less than 500 or even lesser for construction business. The small business enterprises are no more confined to a particular location, but are rather going global. Globalisation has become the need of the hour and with the

How democracy caused the fall of athens greece Essay

How democracy caused the fall of athens greece - Essay Example The general standard of living became better, the poor earning more than before. The equality of rights for all, regardless of their class, was introduced. Later, great pieces of art and literature were produced. That period is called the ‘Golden Age’ of Athens. The people enjoyed being the ones helping out in creating new laws. The head went through their suggestions, so the city was ruled keeping everybody’s thoughts and wants in mind. The Athenians seemed to be happy in the way their city was governed. Several years later though, questions were raised and arguments arose regarding the democratic system. Greece produced many philosophers which are famous now like Socrates, his pupil Plato and Aristotle. They were great thinkers and had their own theories concerning the ruling of their city. Their questions and thoughts led to the rest of the general public raise their own queries until there was a general unrest. Nothing quite major, but the seeds of uncertainty were laid and one could easily imagine what the future could entail. There were several rulers who governed the state, Perciles being the most loved and greatest. But after his death, Athens did not remain to its former glory and that was partially due to the decision made by him whilst he was alive. Athens and Sparta were both powerful cities and great competitors. When the latter saw

Communicating Expectations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communicating Expectations - Assignment Example The work involved scheduling work and filling worksheets. Based on the information contained in the worksheets, each worker would have a specific duty to attend to. Every worker would have a worksheet that detailed where they would be working, the specific type of work they would be doing, how much time they would need to perform the work, and the main procedure involved in completing the work. After the work had been done, each worker the supervisors would certify that the workers did all the work specified in the work sheets. Based on the worksheets, the employees working on contract would be paid. Because each day had different demands, the worksheets had to be prepared every morning based on the orders that the company received. While everything worked well when the company had few orders to deliver, there was a big problem whenever there were several orders. The process of filling worksheets was slow much as I tried hard to cope with the numerous worksheets to fill. Many times, workers idled around as they waited for their worksheets while in fact they should have been working. This meant that sometimes the company failed to deliver its orders within deadline which never went well with the management. Realizing where the problem was, the manager in charge of my department informed me that I had to find a way of ensuring that the worksheets were produced within a much shorter time. He emphasized that he believed that I could find a way of making the process faster and more efficient so that production would be improved. I took his word positively and tried even more to work faster. There was a slight improvement in production as I produced more worksheets within a shorter time within three days. However, the manager still insisted that he believed that I could do much more to realize real change. I knew I was putting my very best effort and could not see at that time how I could work even faster. I got into real thought

Tamworth Town Essay Example for Free

Tamworth Town Essay The task is to create some sort of form that will capture the relevant data from the people who fill it in. Consequently, people fill it in after collecting it in the shop, or at other shops and then we get members, which leads to rentals, and money for my Uncle. The data capture form will be an A5 piece of paper, and will have all the relevant fields needed to input a new customer into the list. In this task, I will have to use boxes that are the same size and ones that are big enough to fit hand written letters in. In addition, the boxes will need to be straight, or it will look incompetent. Moreover, to create a professional look, it will have to be a small form, two per A4 sheets, because one per A4 sheet would be rather large, and extremely clumsy. Additionally, to reduce incompetence, I should align the boxes singularly, so that every box is in line perfectly. For each field I will need the correct number of boxes: Title = 4 boxes   First Name = 16 boxes   Second Name = 16 boxes   House Number = 12 boxes   Road Name = 16 boxes   Town = 12 boxes   Postal Code = 4 and 3 boxes Home Phone = 5 and 6 boxes Date of Birth = 2 and 2 and 4 boxes. Password = 16 boxes Software Requirements The software I choose must be able to: Import pictures, so that I can put use my created logo publicly. Create input boxes, so that they can be filled in appropriately, a letter at a time.   Move pictures, so that the logo can be moved into an appropriate position.   Input text, so that the input boxes have titles, so that people know where to write what.   Overlap and underlay objects, so that if the logo is near any input boxes, it can under lap them, and not overlap them with its white background. Change the text font, and size, so that I do not have to keep boring Arial text, and can make good titles.   Align objects, so that my input boxes can be arranged in a line, so they are straight, and not odd and disproportionate. Software I could use Microsoft Word to do this task. However, it is only a word processor, and cannot do some complex functions I need to perform. It cannot align objects, as far as I know, and for a professional look, I definitely need this feature, I need the input boxes to look as neat as possible. I also know of no way to under and overlap objects in MSWord. This is also important if I wish to place my logo directly above my input boxes, as its white background may go over the top of the boxes. I could use Serif Page plus eight for this task. It is a publishing program, and has all of the features I need. It can import pictures using the usual copy and paste technique, but through Insert Picture as well. It can create boxes using the object drawer, which preset is a box. So all you need to do is click on the box on the left hand side toolbar, and draw the box to the wanted size. It can move pictures by dragging them, click, and hold, then drag. It can input text in two ways, a normal frame box, or a graphic text one. The normal one is easier to read, so I will use that. It can over and under lap objects with the two buttons on the arrange toolbar, at the top: With these, the left sends the item to the back, and the right one brings the picture to the front. It can change text through the formatting toolbar, which is normally on the top of the display, at the bottom of all the toolbars. It can align objects by highlighting them and then right clicking and clicking Align Objects, and then selecting to which side it needs aligning. This is useful because you can choose which side you can align it to. Conclusion I am going to use Serif page plus eight for this task because it is the best program for the job. It can do everything that is needed from the task and can do a lot more than Microsoft Word can. It can underlay and overlap, and it can align objects, both of which are key to the task in hand. It is simple to use and all the major tools are on the screen in toolbars, no need to use menus. Outline Plan I am going to load a new page and then turn it into landscape mode. After that, I will produce titles for each input subject, and then create boxes for each input subject; the numbers of boxes are listed above. Then I will put the background in, by creating a square and using the fill and linear techniques to put a white and light blue background behind all the boxes. I will then put the logo at the top above all the boxes, to the left a bit, leaving space on the right for the address to go in. After that I will input two more graphics, which are two port-hole type circles, with a blue centre, I have two different sizes, the big will go at the top, and the small at the bottom.

Regulation of Smoking in US Public Housing

Regulation of Smoking in US Public Housing Sudhakar Ponugoti Abstract This policy decision contains many significant public health suggestions, given the trouble of having smoke in multiunit housing. About 7 million people in United States are stays in public housing, among 10 units 4 units possessed by families with kids. The response of Residents is very little when they are open to tobacco smoke; moreover, policy and preparation among this region are changing In the recent years, due to increased consumer demand and raised health concerns lead landlords made their housing units smoke free. In addition minor number of local bodies has banned smoking in multifamily residential buildings. However policies of no smoking are rare in public housing. Till now only 140 PHAs around the country which counts of only 4% of the total PHAs have stated that they had banned smoking in public housing which they had undertook Methods: By referring the publications related to regulation of public housing in U.S and journal of the New England journal of medicine – â€Å"Regulation of Smoking in Public Housing† Through referring publishers –like smoking-cessation/health-effects-secondhand-smoke and Journal of the New England journal of medicine Keywords: non-smokers, second hand smokers the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) ,Public Housing Authorities (PHAs),health disorders Purpose: The main purpose of these term papers is about the regulation of smoking in public housing in U.S which is causing several health implications to non-smokers and the steps taken by us federal government Introduction: Effects of second hand smoke: Breathing the smoke that breathed out from the cigarette by a smoker is just about equivalent sum When you take in the smoke that comes from the end of a lit cigarette, belvedere, or pipe (side stream smoke) or the smoke that is breathed out by a smoker (standard smoke), youre breathing in practically the same measure of chemicals as the smoker takes in. the smoke from tobacco holds more than 4,000 distinctive chemical gases, among them 50 are known to be cause disease. These are simply a couple of the chemicals that enters into your lungs when you are presented to second-hand smoke †¢Hydrogen cyanide a very noxious gas utilized within synthetic weapons and pest control †¢Benzene a part of gas †¢Formaldehyde a concoction used to treat carcasses †¢Carbon monoxide a harmful gas (WebMD, 2014). In 2006 the report by health surgeon affirmed that used smoking (additionally called automatic or passive smoking) can leads to death, and it reasoned that no part second hand smoke is safe and good. Most exposure to second smoke leads body more susceptible to more diseases. In Americans about 126 million nonsmoking people are open to secondhand smoke at work and home. In U.S every year almost 50,000 deaths in adult nonsmokers are caused because of second hand smoke. Lung cancer epidemic increased by 20% to 30% in nonsmokers and heart disease by 25% to 30% when they inhale the secondhand smoke. It is estimated that about 3,000 deaths each year in nonsmokers are due to lung diseases because of secondhand smoke in nonsmokers Every year About 46000 of nonsmokers die with heart disease because of who living with smokers. Around 300,000 children who are below the age of 18 months suffer respiratory infections from secondhand smoke; 7,500 to 15,000 of them must be diagnosed (NCBI, 2010). Secondhand smoke shows a great impact on health of on nonsmokers, mainly like cancer and heart disease Cancer Cancer is the significant and prevailing epidemic which is of main concentration caused due to exposure to second hand smoke. Among this Lung cancer is most prevailing due to the effect of second-hand smoke exposure and this responsible for the cause of breast cancer, cervical cancer and different types of cancer, Heart Disease Latest research shows that even 10 minutes of exposure to second hand smoke cause damage to hearth and breathing problems. Due to smoking habit the platelets in the blood gets affected badly that they become more stickier and makes the arteries clog the blood and may leads to heart stroke.69% of higher risk of heart disease has been recorded in women in latest research and 56% higher risk of stroke when compared to those who are not exposed. Children and Second-hand Smoke: Children are mainly susceptible to the effects which are caused by second-hand smoke because their bodies are so sensitive and still developing and they breathe faster rate than adults. These conditions associated with second hand smoke in children: †¢Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) †¢Increased number of respiratory infections †¢More severe and frequent asthma attacks †¢Ear infections †¢Chronic cough Smoking by pregnant lady leads to deformation of baby inside. In some cases it may leads to premature delivery, low birth weight, SIDS, mental retardation, learning problems, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). More the smoking by the mother greater the risk to unborn. (WebMD, 2014). Literature review: This paper mainly reviews the evaluative literature on policies and other interferences designed to prevent smoking in public housing. I started about the implications that are related to smoking particularly who it effects the non-smokers. Then described the policies which are undertaken by U.S government in regulating the smoking in public housing. The following headings were used: implications of health of exposure to tobacco smoke in residential buildings, smoke free house and right to smoke. Finally, in this review, we offer some recommendations regarding the problem.. Implications of health of exposure to tobacco smoke in residential building: More than 250 poisonous metals, chemicals have been identified in tobacco smoke by national toxicological programme (NTP) among them 11 are of class A carcinogens. Many epidemiologic studies had proven non-smokers can be effected to lung cancer and cardiac disease when they expose to tobacco smoke. The surgeon general had reported that there is no considered safe level of exposure. The less exposure to tobacco smoke can also effect the non-smokers. Particularly the ageing people and disabled people with cardiac or pulmonary function more prone to tobacco smoke The rates and seriousness of asthma and other respiratory ailments, and also the rate of sudden newborn child passing syndrome, are expanded around kids exposed to tobacco smoke.in a multiunit building a single person who smokes in his unit putting the other units people at risk. The tobacco smoke can be spread through air, cracks in the wall and floors to other units of the floor. Abnormal amounts of tobacco poisons can hold on in the indoor environment long after the time of active smoking — a spectacle known as third-hand smoke. Tobacco poisons are circulated as unpredictable mixes and airborne particulate matter that are stored on indoor surfaces and reemitted in the air around over a time of days to years. In families in which one or more individuals smoke, the urine levels of the tobacco-particular cancer-causing agent nicotine-inferred nitrosamine ketone (NNK) are reliably higher in babies than in non-smoking grown-ups, representing either a differential reaction to the same poison load or expanded exposure of kids through closer contact with smoke-polluted mats, furniture, clothes, and floors’. Tobacco-smoke exposure in public housing is a serious problem because it affects the poor and weak populaces. In 2008–2009, 32% of families in public housing included elderly persons, 35% included incapacitated persons, and 41% included kids. The mean yearly salary of family units in public housing throughout this period was $13,289. Teenagers who lives in public housing are recognised to be at high hazard for the experimentation of cigarettes at their early stages. No-smoking runs in homes have been connected with generously decreased levels of biochemical markers of tobacco presentation and low risk of health around non-smokers. Such approaches can likewise empower smoking discontinuance around family unit members, demoralize the start of smoking by adolescents, and diminish the rate of house flames (Jonathan.p, 2014). House of smoke free and right to smoke: Private Managers of multiunit private structures are starting to react to market interest and the possibility of decreased expenses by embracing no-smoking arrangements. Study findings show that residents are frequently troubled by tobacco smoke and that four out of five non-smokers might lean toward a smoke-free building policy. In Chicago a 440 unit tall construction is the first in that city to restrict smoking in all units, basic ranges, and outside spaces. In Oregon, a significant property-administration organization has established no-smoking methods for something like 8000 units. Some neighborhood governments have limited smoking in multiunit homes with respect to private enterprises. Three California urban areas as of late sanctioned laws precluding smoking in some or all units of multiunit private housing. Since 2006, around twelve various groups have talked about whether to force smoking limitations that might influence multiunit homes. In 1997, the Utah lawmaking body passed a law explicitly allowing proprietors to boycott smoking in residential units. Notwithstanding the archived risks of tobacco-smoke exposure, these activities are controversial. Critics contend that not governments or landowners ought to interfere with occupants freedom to smoke and that such limitations damage protection rights. However, courts have held that the due-procedure provision of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.s. Constitution, which restricts government obstruction in individual freedom and protection, gives just the most negligible level of security for smoking. Governments require to show a reasonable support for confining smoking. Courts assessing protection procurements in state constitutions have thought same views have been expressed by courts assessing privacy provision in state constitutions. The smokers are not ensured as disabled people by neither the elected Americans with Disabilities Act nor other incapacity discrimination laws As stated by HUD, the PHAs may accept no-smoking strategies in public housing according to their choice, as long as state and native laws allow such approaches, on the grounds that federal laws, including the Fair Housing Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, dont give security to a right to smoke, As long as the requisition to current tenants is postponed for a certain period of time — for instance, until the renewal of the lease. No-smoking policies may be related to both upcoming residents and current occupants (Jonathan.p, 2014). Policies for smoke free for public housing: The authorities who are trying to make smoke-free policy are challenged by the decentralized nature of the proprietorship and management of public housing. Public housing includes a mixture of structures, including openly possessed and sponsored apartment constructions, which as of now house 2.1 million occupants, and voucher or something like that called Section 8 projects, which at present give 4.9 million inhabitants a HUD subsidy to help pay their rent in private housing. These projects are directed by different offices inside HUD, each of them creates their own policies. Furthermore, states may offer additional public housing projects that work without HUD financing. This structure creates conflict in the nature of projects and services provided, and also the strategy making and required practices around the public housing projects and local housing bodies. Reflecting such variety, at present no-smoking approaches are uncommon exemption in relate to the rule among PHAs. Verifiably, HUD had clearly mentioned that it requires PHAs to embrace nor blocks them from receiving smoking free policy for their possessions or projects. On July 17, 2009, the notice of HUD’s signs a significant change in their views on this issue. The notice focuses on the wellbeing impacts of tobacco-smoke exposure, especially around kids and the elderly, and the danger of flame related passings and injuries. PHAs is regulated by HUD that represents a smoking boycott to formalize it my making changes in the yearly plans that they are indulged to record with HUD, which will allow HUD to track the reaction to its observe, and it has advised PHAs to give inhabitants data regarding the smoking-discontinuance assets and projects. The new strategy which is under the control of HUD Office of Public and Indian Housing relates just to publicly claimed multiunit housing. The reaction of PHA’s is difficult to identify. Their business motivation is to give house of smoke-free is short of what that for private landowners. When compared with other residents public housing residents are regularly in a position in which they cant vote with their feet for smoke free units. For the same reason, in any case, PHAs are well developed to execute smoking confinements, despite group safety. the cost for complete sanitization of a two-bedroom unit can surpass $15,000, so PHA,s is taking cost also as an consideration; even the basic cleaning of an unit in which one or more occupants have smoked may require two to three times to the extent that the cleaning of an unit in which there has been no smoking. At the early stages of policy implementation, long haul cost reserve funds may be acknowledged through decrease in cleaning expenses and the danger of flame, and in addition other smoke-related expenses. The best disincentive for PHAs to actualize smoke-free policy may be the test of implementation. Effective components for screening and for reporting revolution might need to be secured, alongside approvals for occupants who dont go along. The risk of ousting cant be wielded gently, both because the method is legally difficult and because ejection weakens the purpose of public-housing programs that is, securing helpless populaces from homelessness. In spite of the fact that overwhelming, these tests to authorization are much the same as those confronted in attempts to authorize different guidelines identifying with public housing, for example, clean codes and antidrug provisions. For instance, HUD has incorporated a Tenancy Addendum for Section 8 rents that allows property holders to expel occupants who take part in drug utilization, wrongdoing, or liquor ill-use in the dwelling. Notwithstanding such instruments, the difficulties of demonstrating a violation and additionally the troubles connected with requirement may discourage PHAs from following up on HUDs proposal to accept smoke-free policy Only the execution of banning of smoking completely will helps in avoiding the contact to tobacco smoke in the home. Modification measures for example, the utilization of fans, air channels, and separate smoking rooms are ineffective. Ridding public housing of tobacco smoke might keep such settings in venture with the pattern to no-smoking approaches in work environments, private lodging, and even private vehicles (Jonathan.p, 2014). Recommendations: The suitable way to reduce the risk of conditions caused by smoking and convincing the people who around you who are trying to quit smoke the smokers who want to smoke have go far off from the non-smokers. The home is the one of best and significant place to keep it smoke free, because children particularly where the children live. An expected 21 million youngsters live in Shomes where an inhabitant or guest normally smokes, and more than a large portion of all American children have measurable levels of cotinine (the breakdown result of nicotine) in their blood. Keeping children (and grown-ups) far from smoke can help lessen their dangers of creating respiratory diseases, extreme asthma, malignancy, and numerous different risky wellbeing condition serous health conditions. Despite the fact that the dangers of presentation to tobacco smoke are settled, and laws which are ordering smoke free indoor air are across the board, private homes have long been recognized places the legitimate range of regulation. Reflecting this view, the national government has not obliged public housing units to be without smoke verifiably, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has kept up that despite the fact that nearby Public Housing Authorities (PHAs) may pick to ban smoking, and they are not needed to do so Conclusion: The utilization of federal regulatory or contractual instruments to guarantee that PHAs execute no-smoking strategies out in the public housing raises moral concerns and useful tests; on the other hand, it is legitimized in light of the damages coming about because of exposure to tobacco smoke, the absence of different streets of lawful change for non-smoking inhabitants of public housing, and the lazy pace at which PHAs have voluntarily executed no-smoking approaches. The same lawful, functional, and health issues that have driven fruitful exertions to make work environments, private vehicles, and private housing without smoke militate energetic about stretching out comparative assurance to the defenseless public smoking populace. Abbreviations SHS: Secondhand Smokers MUD’s: Multiunit Dwellings SIDS; sudden infant death syndrome (HUD) the Department of Housing and Urban Development, (PHAs) Public Housing Authorities, (NNK) nicotine-inferred nitrosamine ketone (ADHD) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (NTP) national toxicological program References: Jonathan.p (2014, April 28). Regulation of Smoking in Public Housing — NEJM. Regulation of Smoking in Public Housing — NEJM. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM CDC (2014, March 5). Health Effects of Second-hand Smoke. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/from Md, w. (2014, April 28). Effects of second-hand smoke. Smoking cessation health center. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://www.webmd.boots.com/smoking-cessation/health-effects-secondhand-smoke NCBI (US). (n.d.). How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved April 28, 2014,from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53017/

Economic Benefits of Hosting the Commonwealth Games

Economic Benefits of Hosting the Commonwealth Games

Christian :: essays research papers

The Beginning of Christian Art   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first two centuries of Christianity there weren’t any form of art recorded. Christians meet in small groups in a private phone and conducted simple services. In these services they would eat wine and bread that reminded them of Christ sacrifice on the cross. (Lamm 175)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christian symbols were a major form of art in the earlier years of Christian art. The Egyptian, Greek, and Romans artist had different symbols that represented different things. The Greeks created gods of their own image. For example, Zeus with the thunderbolt. This symbolized that this was the god of power. (176) Some artist cam e up with a variety of solutions using biblical stories, parables, and symbols to design Christian art.(177)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the age of Constantine, Constantine proclaimed freedom of religion in the Edict and Milan in 313. For centuries basilicas were constructed by the Romans. The basilicas served as meeting halls, mercantile centers, and halls of justice. There were two basilicas that were built in the early centuries. They were Old St. Peters and St. Paul’s. The outside walls of St. Paul were destroyed by fire in 1823 and rebuilt in 1854. (180)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 404 Ravenna became the capital of the Western Empire under Honorius. Ravenna fell under Odoacer in 476, but emerged as the capital of Theodoric Ostrogothic kingdom between the years of 489-526. Ravenna concluded its royal careen as the western capital of Justinian’s Byzantine Empire during 527-565. (181)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Justinian marked the beginning of the Byzantine style from 527-565. It was notable for artistic production and for Justinian legal code. Operating from his capitals of Constantinople in the East and Ravenna in the West, Justinian was the emperor of the Roman and Oriental potentate, in witch later became Byzantine Empire. (183)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 330 Constantine was known as â€Å"New Rome.† The city was very popular. It was the sumptuous of Byzantine civilization for over 1,000 years. The faith of Orthodox was totally dominate in that city. In 532 the Blues and Greens rival chariot-racing joined forces and revolted against the autocratic rule of Justinian and Theodora. The imperial troops put down the revolution by slaying about 30,000 people and most of the public buildings were destroyed, including Basilica of Hagia Sophia (The Church of Holy Wisdom).(185)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because the first Hagia Sophia was destroyed, Justinian hired a mathematician to design another one. The new Hagia Sophia was beautiful.

Caffeine is a Psycoactive Drug Essay -- essays research papers fc

Have you ever been so tired that you’ve dozed off at work? Or tried to stop yourself from falling asleep while you’re driving or even worse – got caught sleeping in class? These instances could have been prevented by doing what 90% of Americans do every day – by consuming CAFFEINE. If anyone here feels you can’t make it though your day without a cup of coffee, you are probably addicted to it (I’ll discuss more on that later). Here’s an interesting fact: both words caffeine and coffee are derived from the Arabic word â€Å"QAHWEH.† The origins of the words reflect the spread of the beverage into Europe through Arabia and Turkey from North-East Africa. Coffee began to be very popular in Europe in the 17th century and today it’s the most popular psychoactive drug in the world. Almost everyone in our society today uses caffeine regularly, in one form or another. According to Jennifer Warner of WebMD Medical News, nearly 90% of adults and 76% of children drink some kind of caffeinated beverage every day. More than half of all American adults consume more than 3 cups of coffee. Also, a 1994 survey by the Agriculture Department found that on average, 64 gallons of soda are consumed by children and teenagers every year. Researchers have found that soft drinks have surpassed tea as the second leading source of caffeine for adults while being the top source of caffeine for children. People are not only getting their caffeine from coffee, soda and tea, but from other sources such as energy beverages, caffeinated water, herbal supplements and chocolate. You may not realize how much caffeine you are consuming on a daily basis because caffeine is not listed as an ingredient on the food or drink label, and the Nutrition Facts label does not show how much caffeine is i n the product. In addition, beverages marketed as high-energy drinks may contain more than one type of caffeine extract, and in herbal sources, caffeine may not be listed as an active ingredient. So you can see why half of American adults consume more than 300mg of caffeine per day. All you need to consume to get that amount are just 2 mugs of coffee and a couple of cookies. If you sit down and calculate your caffeine consumption during a typical day, you may be surprised. Many people consume a gram or more of caffeine every day and don’t even realize it. Now that the widespread u... ...nd the globe, is a mild drug stimulant, has the potential to become addicting and gives people the opportunity to be social. The bottom line is that caffeine is the most widely accepted and legal way to get that all important energy boost. So, the next time you down that can of Red Bull or take that last sip of cappuccino from Starbucks, take comfort in the fact that you’re getting your fix legally Works Cited †¢ Bealer, Bonnie K., and Bennet A. Weinberg. The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug. New York: Routledge, 2002. 208-212. †¢ Centre College. "Students get a Caffeine and Culture Boost." Yubanet.com 14 Feb. 2005. . †¢ Gordon M. Wardlaw. Contemporary Nutrition: Issues & Insights. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. P 556. †¢ HSW Media Network. â€Å"How Caffeine Works.† HowStuffWorks.com. 28 Dec. 2004. . †¢ Jennifer Warner. â€Å"Caffeine Sources Shifting† CBSNEWS.com 28 Dec. 2004. WebMD Inc. . †¢ T.R. Reid. "Caffeine." Nationalgeographic.com. June 2000. .

Alcohol Peer Pressure in College Essay

In the article â€Å"Above the Influence,† the main idea focuses on how alcohol in college has clinched onto society and is now considered a norm. The goal of this study was to explore how non drinking college students negotiated communication about a potentially stigmatized behavior abstinence from alcohol (675). The concept of the paper goes into depth on how students who don’t drink alcohol are usually an outcast or fall into peer pressure to fit in. In order to support the claims, researchers conducted an experiment to prove their hypothesis. They used both strict non drinkers and drinkers and placed the participants on a party school campus where alcohol is greatly abused. The actions of the kids varied on whether they would keep their non drinking low key or allow others to know about their situation. The research allowed the experimenters to see the variation of how the abstinent drinkers used communication to still fit in. The claims I most agreed with was allowing different non drinkers with various backgrounds to be put in similar situations. The diversity gave a better out look on how they would try to still be social even without the alcohol consumption. When the students used their different tactics to party without upsetting the other drinkers, I believe the empty cup was the best plan (679). When you’re communicating and trying to avoid any issues or quarrels, it is best to please the opposite party. Although some of the students did not drink, holding a cup would allow them to socialize without being hounded. Drinking has become a normality in both college and adult culture. It can even be seen as disrespectful to some to refuse the offer or abstain from it. The empty cup allows positive face to take place without questioning or disturbance from drunken or concerned peers. Participant Kristen stated that the cup gave her â€Å"control† of the situation and did give any negative vibes toward others. She was able to fit in the crowd with no problem. The non alcoholic cup could also allow the student to assimilate with new friends without feeling awkward or left out. It can give power to those who feel uncomfortable and out of place when faced with alcohol. Being a minority can always be harsh but the cup trick allowed a path into the majority without losing morals and beliefs. The claims that I did not agree with the most was blatantly telling fellow party goers that they were not drinkers. Choosing to abstain from alcohol should be kept as a private matter and does not need to be show boated or announced. A non drinker who states their lifestyle can be seen as a prude or over responsible. Their actions can belittle a social drinker and even stir up an argument (678). As shown in the article, participant Andy was caught in an argument with a girl after declaring his abstinence. He could have hurt his relationship if the issue had gotten out of hand. His honesty without privacy has caused an uneasy feeling among others. Some of the students could have tried to please themselves and their peers by using a prop to get out of pressure. College students already know how hard it is to assimilate without adding alcohol to the mix and should try to avoid any persecution. In many cases it is great to own up to a positive lifestyle, but dealing with young adults is in another spectrum. The brutality and insults given by peers can damage a person both emotionally and mentally. The bashing can also cause one to change their outlook or mentality about drinking. By being unaccepted into the norm, a person can try to change their selves to fit in. Not only can denying drinking be an issue to the victim, but also a fellow peer. Alcohol is not always the center of a party or get together, but it is shown that when someone refuses a drink, the offered can feel offended, as if he or she were being dismissed as a person (677). Looking to keep the best interest of both parties is not to inform others about personal decisions. The experiment overall did allow many questions to be debunked, but I don’t agree with using a college as a normal situation. In college, students are given a great amount of freedom which causes curiosity and experimenting. Whether it is with drugs or alcohol, college students use foreign or illegal items excessive when they are accessible. Most students are able to kick the negative habits when they are thrown into the real world and given real problems. The experiment should have been used in both college and adult life to give a feel on how being a non drinker is abnormal. I believe that a non drinker would be more accepted in a real world situation because being responsible is admirable when older. When put into a college realm, people tend to be very judgmental due to the level of maturity. Peer pressure never disappears but it does subside when the level of maturity develops fully. Adults do not force or ridicule others when they are giving off a positive action. Although non drinkers can fall into stereotypical types such as a recovering alcoholic (676), it is easy to kick the labels when older. Therefore I do believe this article and research met the goal of different communication skills when dealing with abnormal choices in society. The experiment allowed to explore the responses of people when deciding on how they deal with abstaining from alcohol. Some of the feedback gave positive and accepting results while other communication methods created tension and unwanted stress. Although some forms of communication worked better in social situations rather than others, having an array of different attitudes helped determined which faces worked best in college. The positive face allowed participants to have both a good time and maintain their safety. The other participants who chose their own route did have a hard time being accepted by others. Both methods created different paths, but allowed their abstinence of alcohol to be accepted in either a positive or negative light.